Underground City - Kaymakli

This system of underground caves was carved out a thousand years ago in order for the local villagers to have a place of safety during times of invasion/attack.  Each home had an underground bolt hole that led into the caves.  We saw only 10% of one cave system and it was extensive!  There were 9 levels and we saw caves on 5 of them.

They had grape presses and kitchen areas.  I was a bit dissatisfied with our guide for the caves.  She seemed to indicate the caves were only temporary housing during times of invasion.  If this is so, then why the grape presses?  This seems like a more permanent kind of endeavor, especially if you have to dig it out of solid stone.

They had large rounded stones to roll against openings so the enemy could not come below.

Large airshaft carved to the surface in an S-shape to avoid enemies throwing dead animals down it.  I think it also served as a well.  The notches in the wall are a ladder.  I would NOT want to climb in this shaft.

A grinding stone, and stone used for holding melted metal for crafting.